The Making of the Constitution Essay - 925 Words

A Plan in the Making Some people have always wondered whether the making of Constitution of the United States was, in fact, supposed to happen at the Constitutional Convention or if it was even supposed to be drawn up in the way it was. In this essay, I will summarize to different views on what went on at the Constitutional Convention and how the Constitution of the United States come about. I want to emphasize that none of these views or theories discussed in this essay are my own. The convention that is referred to was held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It began In May of 1787. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; I will first discuss John P. Rocheamp;#8217;s views on the framing of the Constitution. He begins talking about the†¦show more content†¦Others wanted the majority of the power to remain with the states. The reason being that people did not want a government that was like Britainamp;#8217;s. With this entire situation going on, how were the representatives going to form a new government? Roche says that the Constitutionalists had great success in convincing all the other representatives that change was needed and necessary. After this, the majority of the representatives felt the need to not revise the Articles of Confederation, but to make a whole new document stating all of the laws and rules that were to be a new government. Roche then says that even though all of these representatives were in agreement about making a new government, they all had their own ideas on how it would work. With all the representatives arguing over whose idea was better, only compromise would be the final solution. Roche after his analysis is done, concludes that the Constitution of the United States was actually a series of compromises to fulfill not only the publicamp;#8217;s needs, but also to satisfy all of the representatives at the Constitutional Convention. In Charles A. Beardamp;#8217;s discussions, he also says that the convention was not held to frame a new supreme law of the land. He says that after the United States had gained its independence, all that was left to do was to maintain social order, and to develop favorable conditions that appeal to not onlyShow MoreRelatedThe Making of the Constitution Essay1459 Words   |  6 PagesThe Making of the Constitution The Constitution of the United States, the fundamental law of the United States of America. Drafted by the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia, Pa., between May 25 and Sept. 17, 1787, it is the worlds oldest written constitution still in effect. The document presents a set of general principles out of which implementing statutes and codes have emerged. As such, it embodies the essence of constitutionality--that government must beRead MoreHistory of Constitution Making Process in Bangladesh6929 Words   |  28 PagesHistory of Constitution Making Process in Bangladesh Constitutional Law Constitution Constitutional law actually forms the backbone of public law. It is that branch of public law which determines the nature of the state, nature and structure of the government and its power, function, division of power among different constitutional organs, their relationship to each other and above all the relationship between the state and the individuals.[1] According to Maitland† while constitutionalRead MoreThe United States Constitution Prohibits The Making Of Any Law1447 Words   |  6 Pages(Amendment I) to the United States Constitution prohibits the making of any law respecting an establishment of religion, impeding the free exercise of religion, abridging the freedom of speech, infringing on the freedom of the press, interfering with the right to peaceably Assemble or prohibiting the petitioning for governmental redress of grievances. In Accordance with the first amendment the U.S. Supreme Court has made an exception to its First Amendment jurisprudence for public employees throughRead MoreThe Ecj Has A Major Influence On Making The Constitution Of The Eu984 Words   |  4 PagesThe ECJ has had a major influence on making the constitution of the EU more supranational by setting rules such as the principle of direct effect, which implies obligation for every EU citizen without having to call in national states, and the primacy of EU law over national law. The ECJ has also had significant influence on other areas of EU policy, such as establishing the principle of mutual recognition of standards in all member states. In other words, the national courts have been incorporatedRead MoreA Report On The United States The Constitution Act Of The Commonwealth Act From Making Valid Laws934 Words   |  4 Pageshad driven several kilometres and so was expected to pay tax as per the law. However, according to the statement of the law, several issues should be noted. First, the constitution Act bared the Commonwealth Act from making valid laws. Second, the South Australian Parliament had enacted the NRTA 2014. S109, Commonwealth Constitution stated, if the state legislation is inconsistent with Commonwealth legislative, latter prevails. Despite the fact that she wasn’t legible to pay the 5 cents per kilometreRead MoreMaking American Samoans Citizens : A Constitutional Right That Is Protected By The United States Constitution1572 Words   |  7 Pages Make American Samoans Citizens American citizenship is a constitutional right that is protected by the United States Constitution. Citizenship applies to people in all of the 50 states, along with the inhabited territories of the U.S., except for one. American Samoa, a small group of islands located in the Southern Hemisphere about 7,000 miles from Washington, does not allow locals to have U.S. citizenship automatically. This issue, which affects the 55,000 people who live on these islands, hasRead MoreConstitutions, Whether Democratic, Transitional, Or Authoritarian1274 Words   |  6 PagesConstitutions, whether democratic, transitional, or authoritarian among others, all serve a few common goals and purposes. The most recognizable purposes of a constitution typically include political and social structure in the form of judicial and legislative processes and civil rights. The goal is often to guide, give, and limit power in ways that benefit the current political elites and limit their potential rivals. Just as Galligan and Versteeg wrote in Theoretical Perspectives, â€Å"One of the primaryRead MoreFeatures Of The Written Constitution Essay1556 Words   |  7 PagesThis essay will analyze in detail features of the written constitution and explain whether it should be included or not. Firstly, I would give a specific definition of a constitution. Then I state clear summary of three features of current New Zealand constitution comprised of democracy principle, its timely adaptability, and its various sources. After that, there are three features of written constitution which are democracy principles, an entrenched law and an enforceable mechanism would be illustratedRead MoreThe Main Functions Of The Constitution882 Words   |  4 Pages The Constitution has three major functions. The first function is that it creates the national government which includes the checks and balances it balances out the three branches of government to make sure one does not over power the other, those thr ee branches include; the legislative, the executive and the judicial branch. The second function of the constitution is to divide the power between the federal and the state government making sure each side gets to have a say but to also be sure oneRead MoreThe Constitution Of A Country s Government1634 Words   |  7 Pagesnot, it is important to understand the statement itself. Constitution is a set of rules standardising the power and duties of a country s government as well as the rights of its individuals. Currently constitutions come under two key terms; codified and uncodified constitutions. The UK and countries like Israel and New Zealand are a prime example of uncodified constitutions but that is not to say it is unwritten. Uncodified constitution is one that is made up of numerous written sources. Magna

Explain the Principal Psychological Perspectives Applied...

Unit 29 Assignment 1: * P1 Explain the principal psychological perspectives applied to the understanding of the development of individuals * M1 Discuss the principal psychological perspectives applied to the understanding of the development of individuals * D1 Evaluate the principal psychological perspectives applied to the understanding of the development of individuals There are numerous debates in regards to developmental psychology. One of the main debates to begin with is nature vs nurture; some individuals believe that we are products of our environment while others regards us while others believe that we are products of our genetics. John Locke believes that when we are born we are a â€Å"tabula rasa† a blank slate†¦show more content†¦This theory focuses solely on children’s cognitive development so that is both a strength and a weakness as it gets an in-depth understanding of children’s cognitive processes however it cannot be generalised to adults. Another strength of this theory is the fact that it can be applied practically within the real world, especially in regards to education as it means children can be taught based upon their developmental stage. It is extremely useful in that sense as it is nomothetic so it can be applied to larger population. The theory contains both continuous and discontinuous, it is discontinuous as it contains distinct hierarchal stages. It is good in one sense as it allows professionals to see if a child is meeting the stages and if they do not action can be taken. At the same time it can be disadvantageous as professionals, such as teachers may not push a child to reach their full cognitive capabilities as they have met the criteria for their age. At the time this was quite revolutionary as children were once considered â€Å"little adults† that only has a slightly less mental and developmental capacity. Therefore they may not have learnt as effective as they could, as they may have been taught above or below their capacity. However with that said it has been suggested that his stages ofShow MoreRelatedPsychological Approaches Of Health And Social Care Service Provision1215 Words   |  5 PagesThis essay will include explanation of the different psychological approaches to health and social care. It will compare two psychological approaches to h ealth and social care service provision. It will also evaluate two psychological approaches to health and social care service provision. As I explained in (p1-explanation of the principal psychological perspectives), the behaviourist approach states that we are born at a blank state, therefore all of our behaviour are as a response to a stimulusRead MoreDecision Making Classification Of Terms Of Art And Science1396 Words   |  6 Pagescreative and psychological abilities of every individual. Besides, it also includes methodology, philosophy and theory which are primarily required for reporting highly important decisions in a righteous manner. I would like to describe in detail about decision making classification in terms of art and science. As an art: Improving individual’s performance is the key to master the art of decision making as it is a specific skill which is received, sharpened and mastered by an individual. In practicalRead MoreThe Artistic And Professional Development Of Teachers Essay1391 Words   |  6 PagesThe Artistic and Professional Development of Teachers: A Study of Teachers’ Attitudes towards and Use of the Arts in Teaching, Barry Oreck 1. What would this study have to look like in order for it be predominately qualitative? The qualitative feature in this study is only minimal. To alter to a predominately qualitative study; first, Oreck would need to expand the narrative section either through interview or observation. Second, utilize purposeful sample and narrow phenomena scope to ensureRead MoreSociocultural Theory And Second Language Learning1856 Words   |  8 Pagesfundamental element of Sociocultural Theory [SCT], one of the most influential approaches to learning and mental development since the 1990s, drawing its origin from the work of soviet psychologist and semiotist Lev Vygotsky and his colleagues. This essay aims to describe major principles of SCT and its central constructs, particularly Semiotic Mediation and The Zone of Proximal Development and gives examples of related research studies that have been framed in these concepts. 1.SEMIOTIC MEDIATIONRead MoreEssay on Criminological Theories13456 Words   |  54 PagesContents Chapter 1. Chapter 2. Chapter 3. Chapter 4. Chapter 5. Chapter 6. Chapter 7. Chapter 8. Chapter 9. Chapter 10. Chapter 11. Chapter 12. Introduction to Criminological Theory Deterrence and Rationale Choice Theories Biological Theories Psychological Theories Social Learning Theory Social Bonding and Control Theories Labeling Theory Social Disorganization, Anomie, and Strain Theories Conflict Theory Marxist and Critical Theories Feminist Theories Integrating Criminological Theories 4 7 11 15Read MoreDifferent Psychological Approaches Of Health Practice2569 Words   |  11 Pages P2 Explain different psychological approaches to health practice. Behaviourist approach- The behaviourist approach is a classical conditioning and an example of this would be in a hospital. An individual who has a phobia of being in the dark but this can be helped as they can be shown that they are able to overcome it and they are shown techniques to control it. For operant conditioning a child at the doctors who need an injection, I the child lets the nurse or doctor give the injection they areRead MoreTeaching Plan for Educating Parents with a Newly Diagnosed Child According to the Centers for2000 Words   |  8 Pagesdifficulty understanding the complex tasks of school during their first educational years and parents may become stressed, but according to Judy Farmer (2013), stress levels for parents of children with Autism are signiï ¬ cantly higher than those reported by parents of children with any other type of disability or health problem. In this study, this author also states that group parent education is an economical and cost-effective method to reach and educate large numbers of individuals. This studyRead MoreAccenture - Incentivise Employees and Reduce Labour Turnover7401 Words   |  30 Pagesremuneration package to staff in order to reduce labour turnover and incentivise key employees. 1.2 Research Objectives In order to answer this aim, the following research objectives have been set: †¢ To understanding the main theories governing reward management, including understanding how reward management can influence retention and work motivation. †¢ To understand key aspects of the reward management processes, including assessing job size and relativities, grade and pay structure, performanceRead MoreThe Relationship Between Academic Performance Of Sports And Non-Student Athletes4602 Words   |  19 PagesUnderstanding motivations and how or why certain students breed success over specific periods of time within different realms has been a consistent and timeless issue. Educators search endlessly to make those connections and find correlations between certain students and what makes some perform exceptionally better academically than others. Within the same cohort of students, how can one group seemingly elevate themselves to higher levels of academic success than others? Why do extracurricularRead MoreInfluence Of Cognitive Development On Gender Identity3129 Words   |  13 Pages Abstract The influence of cognitive development to a modern comprehension of gender identity is examined. Cognitive theories in the context of human development are assessed and examples are presented to provide empirical support. These theories surround early gender development with aspects concentrated specifically during Middle Childhood to illustrate how gender identity is perceived in children ages 5 -11. The process of normal and abnormal gender identity in Middle Childhood

Silent Spring Essay Free Essays

The Death of Beauty Albert Einstein once said, â€Å"Our task must be to free ourselves by widening our circle of compassion to embrace all living creatures and the whole of nature and its beauty. † Similar to Einstein, the author Rachel Carson believed that human kind should embrace nature’s and help preserve its beauty and life . In the passage from the book Silent Spring by Rachel Carson, the author informs and persuades her audience against the dangers and misuse of pesticides. We will write a custom essay sample on Silent Spring Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Rachel Carson is a renowned writer, ecologist, and scientist who dedicated her life to the conservation of the environment. Throughout her career as an editor in chief, marine biologist, and environmental activist, Carson continued to educate the public about the wonder and beauty of the living world. She emphasized humanity’s power to alter the environment, but in â€Å"Silent Spring† she begins to challenge the traditional practices that disrupt the balance of nature. Carson not only blames farmers for unnecessary violence towards the environment, reveals the dangers on pesticides to her audience, and blames higher authorities, for the damage to wildlife through the use of pesticides in order to persuade her audience to take action against the mistreatment and abuse of the environment. Through war like diction, Carson exaggerates the farmer’s violence towards blackbirds, misguidance in the use of dangerous pesticides, and lack of emotion for bloodshed. Aiming to weaken the pesticide users reputation, Carson introduces her main argument by referring to the â€Å"habit of killing† as,† the resort to â€Å"eradicating† any creature that may annoy or inconvenience†(paragraph1). The word â€Å"eradication† is the word used by farmers to justify the use of pesticides. The farmers find it necessary to use dangerous chemicals for the sole purpose to wipe out a species entirely, a species who merely were an â€Å"inconvenience†. The word â€Å"eradicate† is a euphemism used by the farmers to cover up the severity of pesticide use. The word was meant to be less offensive, but ironically what the word implied was used to Carson’s advantage. Carson instills fear among her audience at the farmer’s lack of emotion towards bloodshed, leaving the reader to question who is to blame. Sparking the reader’s interest, Carson introduces an authority, who she describes as having a direct affiliation with the farmers who were, â€Å"persuaded of the merits of killing by poison† (paragraph 2). The farmers are misinformed and act without reason, only following what was told to them. The violence against blackbirds provides benefits or â€Å"merits† of death that outweigh moral reasoning and the consequences of using â€Å"poison†. The war between an unknown authority and animals is a one sided one, which involves exterminating the helpless and the innocent with a substance that has deadly effects. Acting on orders, without emotion, farmers made the fatal decision and, â€Å"they sent in the planes on their mission of death† (paragraph 2). Carson uses the term â€Å"mission of death† to symbolize the authorities sending in soldiers in a war who are ordered to kill anything in sight. Comparing a war to the farmer’s actions brings memories of blood, fear, and endless suffering to the reader. Carson relates to the reader’s experiences of war and uses the negative associations to connect it the farmers. Armed with planes, the farmer’s â€Å"mission of death† resulted in the â€Å"deaths of over 65,000 victims of blackbirds and starlings†. Carson writes that â€Å"casualties most likely gratified the farmers†, that the deaths were the spoils of war. Just like a war, the birds were not the only ones caught in the crossfire. Countless rabbits, raccoons, and opossums who had never visited a cornfield were disposed of and forgotten. As the war and mission of extermination intensifies, parathion’s poison begins to spread, affecting everything it touches. Carson appeals to the audience’s sense of guilt and urgency by using death imagery to show pesticide’s potential to reach far beyond the destruction of nature’s beauty and affect every animal, man, woman, and child. The destruction of pesticides is overwhelming, what was once a flock of colorful birds is eradicated, leaving behind the, â€Å"pitiful heaps of many hued feathers† (paragraph 5). The viewer is subject to the imagery of pesticides, destroying a beautiful creature until not even a body remains. There is a play with emotions, a beautiful bird should not be the victim of greed and ignorance. A bird a symbol of the freedom and serenity in nature; for it to be targeted means that nature itself is under attack. Those who are innocent are able to see the beauty in nature and children often are drawn to forests and streams, but what prevents pesticides reaching, â€Å"boys who roam through the woods or fields† (paragraph 4). Not only are animals affected by pesticides, but also blameless children who have always enjoyed nature as a place to explore and discover. Parents are immediately alarmed by the prospect of children being harmed and see pesticides as a threat to health, safety, and innocence. Nature is a part of childhood and it is imperative that parents protect what is precious to children. If it can reach children, it can reach anyone in the proximity of the, â€Å"widening wave of death that spreads out, like ripples when a pebble is dropped into a still pond† (paragraph 5). The imagery of a pebble being dropped into a pond is like a large bomb, dropped and resulting in the disturbance of the peaceful and still pond. The ripples of the pebble symbolize pesticides reaching much farther than the targeted area, spreading through water sources and fields. The metaphor of the pebble and pond suggests that no matter how the problem may seem, it can spread and endanger anything or anyone. In order to stop the spread, the public must take action. After analyzing the dangers and abuse of pesticides, Carson uses rhetorical questions to gain support from the audience against the questionable figures whose actions caused devastation towards nature. Carson involves the reader into her argument by directly addressing the audience and asking, â€Å"Who has made the decision that sets in motion these chains of poisonings? † (paragraph 4). Carson uses rhetorical questions to translate fear and guilt towards the harm of nature into feelings of urgency to know the authority’s identity. Carson directly addresses the audience to imply that she knows the answer to who is activating these â€Å"chains† of deaths. Using parallel structure, Carson continues to ask questions, â€Å"Who guarded the poisoned area to keep out any who might wander in? † (paragraph 3). Both the audience and author know the answer. No one. Neither farmer nor authority cared about the public’s, audience’s, or children’s safety. He was entrusted power by the people and has abused it, he has made the decision to benefit himself, â€Å"He has made it during a moment of inattention by millions† (paragraph 5). Whose fault is it really for causing it in the first place? Cason uses the phrase â€Å"inattention by millions† to point her finger at the very people she is trying to persuade. The ignorance towards nature has allowed power to be put into the hands of the untrustworthy. Carson uses the word â€Å"inattention† to suggest that the audience let the abuse of power happen, but now have a choice to take the power back and prevent the mistreatment of the environment. By revealing the harm to the environment and the harmful effects of pesticides, Carson convinces readers to take action against farmers and a higher authority. Through the power of language, Carson appeals to the audiences emotions, logic, and ethics in order to persuade them to support her argument. Carson also informs the public about the importance and beauty of the environment and warns against its mistreatment. Through Carson’s literary work, she ensures that the beauty of nature will remain. In modern times where life is disconnected from nature, it can be easy to forget all that the environment provided and still provides; but if everyone works together, this beauty can be protected and conserved for future generations. How to cite Silent Spring Essay, Essay examples

Importance And Dynamics Of Ethical Communication In An Organization

Question: Discuss about the Importance And Dynamics Of Ethical Communication In An Organization. Answer: Introduction Communication in a business is the most important aspect of business development and success. There is a direct relation between god and ethical communication within an organization which determines the quality of team work which can be obtained. The following essay is about the importance and dynamics of ethical communication in an organization and its implications in the business world. The essay discusses about the effective communication in business which is practiced to maximize the benefits of the organization and to develop a work culture. Communication is the exchange of information between two entities which makes work easier and meaningful.To work in a team the proper method of commination is highly important. There are list of rules of communication which are to be complied in different situations. Ethics is the right way to do things. It denotes the most appropriate way of communication in this context. The following essays discusses the types of communication methods used for a team work and which is the most correct way to communicate and in which situation. Keeping ethics in mind when formulating a communication plan and structure makes the plan more concrete and well defined. All the communication practices must follow the ethical guidelines to make them farfetched and sustainable in the business environment. The essay also traverses through the needs of ethical practices in the process of communication in the business environment. These needs will justify the importance and significance of ethics in communication and will portray how ethics is necessary in communication. Communication and Team Work Ethics in communication actually refers to the considerations of ethical nature in the practices of communication. Both the terms ethics and communication have very different and subjective meanings when kept in different contexts. The literal meaning of communication is the exchange of thoughts, information and feelings through the process of speech, behavior, signals or through writing (Alnder and Gssling 2017). In the same way ethics is defined as the correct method of doing something, or the principles and guidelines with which the work can be done. In this context both these definitions of ethics are relevant and when mixed with communication it gives a proper structure of practices which are adopted for a team work. There is a lot of scope of induction of ethical practices of communication in a team work. In a team of workers in an organization there are many ethical dilemmas which a worker has to face and those can only be resolved when there is a strong sense of ethics (Bishop and Lee 2017). Since a team is comprised of many workers who have different work cultures and ethics.In the context of communication there should be certain ethical principles which need to be kept in mind. These principles may be selecting the best and most ethical practices for interacting with the team members. It is an ethical practice to listen to the others when they speak and not interrupt them in between. When working in a team a person should not judge the tone of voice or the manner of speaking of other team members (Brooks and Manias 2017). Whenever there is any discussion in the team, a person should always speak from the perspective of their own thoughts and experience which appeals to the needs and thoughts of the team. While communicating a person should keep in mind that the conversation should be focused more on understanding than to making a point and to prove themselves right even by offending other team members. Another ethical practice to be kept in mind when practicing communication in a team is that one should not speak for others. This means that a person should not characterize things aid by others without knowing the real background of the matter (Bunniket et al. 2017). One should also not universalize their own opinions, values beliefs and perceptions and draw conclusions on the basis of that.It is a very ethical practice to manage boundaries of self-involvement in a discourse. A person when taking part in a conversation should be confined to itself and should not express its feelings in totality. It is very important to share only those things which cannot be used against the person who is saying which can damage its reputation among its team members. In the same way a person should re spect the personal boundaries of other team mates when communicating and should be aware of the things which may offend the other person (Engleberg et al. 2017). In the practice of communication a person should keep in mind that all the team members should get equal time for speaking so that they should not feel that they have been left out. Team Work Communication and Ethics It has been seen in general sense that a team works to achieve targets and goals which are given to them and the communication is determined by the type of job they do. It is implicit for a team to practice ethical methods as they are more goals oriented and believe that the work should be done in time whatever may be the practices (Jondle and Ardichvili 2017). There are three levels in each team which has an individual ethical requirement in context of communication. The first one is the most basic unit of a team which is an individual team member. It has its own needs of communication which is followed by a different ethical code. For Example, when a group member is not able to complete the job assigned to him on time he starts thinking of an excuse which he can make to him team lead to get an extension which is an unethical practice. For that he needs to communicate with his senior in a manner which he seems fit and which will accomplish his goal (Lauring and Bjerregaard 2017). Another level comprises of the group in whole. A group is assigned the whole task which is distributed among its members. For example a group is assigned to make a project report which has a very short deadline and the team members have not done it in time. When researching for it on the internet they find a similar report which they have to make. In that case all the members of the group decide among themselves that they will present the same report with some minor changes. In this case the type of communication between the team members is an unethical one which is done to cover their mistakes in front of their collective seniors (Lipschultz 2017). The third level is of the group environment which is kept under monitoring as there may creep up many unethical practice which may prove to be dangerous for the organization in the long run. These unethical practices of communication can also put all the group members at risk and can cost the organization a million of dollars. The above mentioned unethical practices of communication are quite common which needs to be checked. There are certain guiding principles of ethics which can be applied to rectify the wrong practices (Maria 2017).Principles such as truthfulness, reason, accuracy and honesty which are needed to maintain the ethical integrity of the communication. Approving freedom of expression, allowing diversity in perspective and tolerance for other viewpoints can improve the ethical stance of communication in a team. There should be condemnation of practices which encourages, hatred, violence, distortion, coercion, intimidation and intolerance (McKee and Porter 2017). There should be encouragement to the practices of personal convictions which promotes justice and fairness of work and communication in a team. There should be a notion of understanding the reason and proper respect should be given to the other perspectives before judging and criticizing their outlook. There should be an environment of sharing of information, feelings and opinions so that all the team members feel connected with each other (Medeiros et al. 2017). Need of Ethics in Communication To make the best decisions in a team or in a business venture the proper ethical methods of communication must be practiced and executed on a regular basis. There is a need for ethical communication in managing a successful team which leads to a successful business. There are certain specific advantages of ethical communication which has become a need for running and managing a business venture (Oumlil et al. 2017). The reasons for the need are listed below. Respect to the Audience: It has been observed that the ethical communicators have a positive impact of their audience as they tend to be most respectful in their actions and modes of communication. Since it is believed that communication is a two way process, the way in which one person communicates have direct implications of the audience which may take it in a positive manner or they may get offended which depends completely on the manner the speaker communicates (Saarinen 2017). Consideration of Consequences:An ethical communicator will always consider the consequences of the discourse which may vary according to the manner of communication. Since the outcomes of communication are not separate from each other there is a direct correlation between the results which may be positive or negative. For an ethical communicator it becomes highly imperative to keep in mind the nature and type of the audience among which the communication is done (Sabin and Harland 2017). For example a speaker cannot discuss things of personal life in the workplace or with their seniors as it will not solve the purpose of the communication. In the same way a person cannot discuss things of work with his family as they have no knowledge and interest about the concerned topic. Respect of Truth:Communication in ethics mainly depends on the respect among the audiences. There should be a sense of faith and trust among the audiences about the matters which are discussed in the communication. If a person cannot exactly judge the nature of audience and their mentality towards the topic of discussion then the entire purpose of communication fails (Shim et al. 2017). Therefore the element of truth is necessary in the communication so that the ethical integrity can be maintained. Proper Use of Information:Ethical communicators have a knack to use the most relevant and proper information in their communication practices. There are certain professions such as medical, law educational institutions which are based mainly on the type of information which is rendered by them. Ethical communicators also sue accurate information in business ventures to provide presentation and other statistical data in business analysis (Wocial et al. 2017). On the basis of these ethical data reports are produced which are important for the accountability and the integrity of the company. Falsification of Information: It has been observed that ethical communicators do not manipulate and falsify information in their discourse which enhances the integrity of communication within a specified audience which may be in a team or in an entire organization (Saarinen 2017). These above mentioned points of ethical communication are needed in a business venture and other such organizations which adds up the importance of ethics in practicing communication. Conclusion There is a very important position of ethics and its practices in communication within a business organization. It can be concluded from the above discussion that communication is majorly about the audience and their perspective to interpret the matter which is discussed and the way it is said by the speaker. There is also an ethical angle to the types of communication procedures which are to be followed. As it has been discussed, that ethics is the proper way of doing things, it relates to the practice of communication which makes it more professional and appropriate picking out all the negative ways and means which are applied during the process of communication. Being very diverse terms both ethics and communication hold very vital place in thebusiness management techniques which enhances the quality and integrity of services provided by an organization which practices ethical means of communication. Since communication is a two way process, equal compliance ad importance is given to the concerned audience and a lot depends upon their mental state and background. It can finally be concluded that ethics is an important part of communication and should be practiced by all means in team work and the team members. References Alnder, M.S. and Gssling, T., 2017. Thematic Symposium: Business Ethics, Peace and Environmental Issues (T0004). Bishop, D.L. and Lee, D.S., 2017. Business Ethics: Ethical Decision Making and Cases (Asia Edition). Brooks, L.A. and Manias, E., 2017. Communication And.For Some Of Our Most Elite Soldiers, Patient Recovery Is Mission Critical., p.336. Bunnik, E.M., Van Bodegom, L., Pinxten, W., De Beaufort, I.D. and Vernooij, M.W., 2017. Ethical framework for the detection,management and communication of incidental findings in imaging studies, building on an interview study of researchers practices and perspectives.BMC medical ethics,18(1), p.10. Engleberg, I.N., Ward, S.M., Disbrow, L.M., Katt, J.A., Myers, S.A. and O'Keefe, P., 2017. The development of a set of core communication competencies for introductory communication courses.Communication Education,66(1), pp.1-18. Jondle, D. and Ardichvili, A. eds., 2017.Ethical Business Cultures in Emerging Markets. Cambridge University Press. Lauring, J. and Bjerregaard, T., 2017. Language use and international business: What can we learn from anthropology?.HERMES-Journal of Language and Communication in Business,20(38), pp.105-117. Lipschultz, J.H., 2017.Social media communication: Concepts, practices, data, law and ethics. Taylor Francis. Maria, M., 2017. The issue of creating and implementing of modern communication technologies in business management from the Republic of Moldova.Development. McKee, H.A. and Porter, J.E., 2017.Professional Communication and Network Interaction: A Rhetorical and Ethical Approach. Routledge. Medeiros, K.E., Watts, L.L., Mulhearn, T.J., Steele, L.M., Mumford, M.D. and Connelly, S., 2017. What is Working, What is Not, and What We Need to Know: a Meta-Analytic Review of Business Ethics Instruction.Journal of Academic Ethics, pp.1-31. Oumlil, A.B., Oumlil, A.B., Balloun, J.L. and Balloun, J.L., 2017. Cultural variations and ethical business decision making: a study of individualistic and collective cultures.Journal of Business Industrial Marketing,32(7), pp.889-900. Saarinen, P., 2017. Profits, ethics or expectations? CSR drivers and their manifestation in digital media communication: two case studies of Finnish food companies. Sabin, J.E. and Harland, J.C., 2017. Professional Ethics for Digital Age Psychiatry: Boundaries, Privacy, and Communication.Current Psychiatry Reports,19(9), p.55. Shim, K., Chung, M. and Kim, Y., 2017. Does ethical orientation matter? Determinants of public reaction to CSR communication.Public Relations Review. Wocial, L., Ackerman, V., Leland, B., Benneyworth, B., Patel, V., Tong, Y. and Nitu, M., 2017, March. Pediatric ethics and communication excellence (PEACE) rounds: decreasing moral distress and patient length of stay in the PICU. InHEC forum(Vol. 29, No. 1, pp. 75-91). Springer Netherlands.

ACT English Practice Questions

ACT English Practice Questions ACT English Practice Questions The actual ACT English section of the ACT exam will have five different reading passages with 75 questions total. Here, try your hand at just one of the reading passages to see how you might fare on this multiple-choice portion of the test. Be sure to use those ACT English strategies! The set-up below is a little different than what youll see on the actual exam. Here, the questions are indicated by a number in front of the bold text youll need to address. On the exam, the numbers will be underneath the underlined portion youll need to address. Additionally, the text will be on the right with the questions on the left on the actual test.   Scroll down for answers below the questions More Than Light Itself              Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On hot and humid summer evenings, almost everyone has witnessed fireflies, also called lightning bugs, flitting around (2)  your yard or landing on a windowsill and occasionally emitting a soft glow.  Flashing on and off like flashlights or twinkling holiday lights, a firefly is just one of the many organisms that can produce (3)  its own (4)  light. This feature, known as bioluminescence or cold light, (5)  appears in nature quite often.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   All forms of light occur through a similar process. To understand this process, you must first know a little bit about atoms. Atoms are the (6)  smaller parts of elements, such as iron and  sodium, (7)  which have  the same chemical properties. The center of an atom is called the nucleus and is composed of particles called protons and neutrons. Other particles, called electrons, orbit the nucleus of an (8)  atom; just like the earth orbits the sun. The electrons orbit does not change unless the electrons are excited or energized in some way. QUESTION 9 Then, when they fall back to their normal energy level, they fall back to a lower orbit and release packets of energy called photons, (10)  which produce light. Light from a lamp or streetlight is produced when electrons are excited by heat from electricity.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In bioluminescent organisms, electrons are excited by a chemical reaction, not heat, which is why the phenomenon is often referred to as cold light. The chemicals that various organisms use to create light are luciferin and luciferase. Luciferin is the substance that produces (11)  light  luciferase is the enzyme that causes the chemical reaction to begin. In the simplest terms, luciferase makes luciferin react with oxygen, which produces light.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   QUESTION 12  1 Many organisms, (13)  from bacteria and mushrooms to certain sea creatures, insects, and others are capable of producing their own light. 2 Certain fungi, such as the jack-o-lantern mushroom, can also create light. 3 The orange jack-o-lantern mushrooms are often found growing on trees in the fall. 4 Among the terrestrial creatures are fireflies, glowworms, and some centipedes and millipedes. 5 Fox fire is another type of glowing fungus, usually found growing on dead or decaying trees. 6 At night, the gills of the mushroom, found beneath the cap and partway down the stalk, emit a greenish light. ACT English Practice Questions 1.  The writer is considering deleting On hot and humid summer evenings  from the first sentence (adjusting the capitalization as needed).  If the writer were to make this change, the paragraph would primarily lose: A. an indication of the tone that will be used in the rest of the passage.   B. details that emphasize the time of year bioluminescence must  occur. C. an example of the kinds of weather imperative for bioluminescence to occur. D. nothing, because it is irrelevant to the paragraph. 2. F. NO CHANGE G. their yard or landing on a windowsill H. his or her yard or landing on a windowsill   J. your yard or landing on a windowsill 3.   A. NO CHANGE B. its   C. its D. their 4.  Which of the following is NOT an acceptable alternative for the bold portion? F. light, this feature   G. light; this feature H. light, and this feature J. light. This dramatic feature 5.The writer would like to indicate here the surprising frequency of bioluminescence. Which choice does this most effectively while maintaining the tone of the passage and the meaning of the sentence? A. actually appears in nature at a higher frequency than one might come to expect. B. actualy  appears in nature more often than you might think. C. actually appears in nature more often than it does  not. D. actually shows up in nature more than you could ever even believe. 6. F. NO CHANGE G. most small H. smallest   J. more small 7. A. NO CHANGE B. despite having the same chemical properties as the elements.   C. that has the same chemical properties as the elements that contain them. D. and have the same chemical properties as the elements that contain them. 8.   F. NO CHANGE G. atom just like H. atom, just like   J. atom:   just like 9.  Given that all the following choices are true, which choice provides the most effective transition from the preceding sentence in the paragraph to the following  one? A. When electrons absorb energy, they move to a higher orbit.   B. When electrons take in energy, they resume their normal energy level and move to the highest orbit. C. After they are energized, they move into a lower orbit. D. After they are energized, they resume their normal energy level. 10.  Which of the following is NOT an acceptable alternative to the bold  portion? F. which produce light; light from G. which produce light. Light such as that from H. that produce light. Light from J. that produce light from   11.   A. NO CHANGE B. light. Luciferase   C. light, but luciferase D. light; and luciferase 12.Which of the following sentence orders makes the paragraph the most logical? F. NO CHANGE G. 1, 4, 6, 5, 2, 3 H. 1, 4, 2, 6, 5, 3 J. 1, 4, 2, 3, 6, 5   13.   A. NO CHANGE B. from bacteria and mushrooms to certain sea creatures, insects, and others is C. from bacteria and mushrooms to certain sea creatures and insects are   D. from bacteria, mushrooms, and certain sea creatures are Questions 14 and 15 relate to the passage as a whole 14.  The writer is considering adding a statement to the beginning of the passage, clarifying the purpose for writing. Which statement LEAST emphasizes the writers purpose? F. Reading this passage will inform you of instances of bioluminescence in nature and the science behind this phenomenon. G. Although the primary cause of bioluminescence is unclear, after reading this passage, youll know a little more about the science surrounding this magical feature of nature, a few examples of it in the wild, and the chemical reactions that cause it to occur. H. After you finish reading this passage, youll be able to explain scientific data about bioluminescence and provide a few examples of this wonder in the natural world around us. J. When youve finished reading this information about bioluminescence, youll be persuaded to study the complexities of the science behind this phenomenon, and the different forms of nature preserving themselves with a bioluminescent feature.   15.  The writer would like to add a paragraph to the end of the passage challenging readers to donate money to fund research on bioluminescence in habitats around the world. Should this paragraph be added? A. Yes, because the passage is left without a conclusion, and adding a challenge to the end of this piece is a great way to create a conclusion without repeating too much information. B. Yes, because it would tie the whole point of the passage together while offering a way for readers to connect to the scientific data presented. C. No, because although the passage is left without an appropriate conclusion, adding a paragraph about donating money changes the purpose of the essay.   D. No, because the paragraph that is currently at the end sums up the passage enough for the reader to be left with information about bioluminescence that he or she didnt know prior to reading. Answers Question 1 A  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Although this phrase mentions weather, the rest of the essay never indicates that bioluminescence has anything to do with the weather, which gets rid of choices B and C. D is obviously incorrect.  If you completed this question second, answering all of the easy questions first and coming back to this later, youd know that!   Question 2 H  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Here, the antecedent is  everyone, which is singular. It requires the singular  his or her, although we can all agree that youd probably use the word  their  in spoken English. Question 3 B  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Here, we need the possessive pronoun for firefly, so  its  is appropriate.  Its  is a contraction of it is.  Its  is not a word, and  their,  Choice D, changes the pronoun to plural when it must be singular. Question 4 F  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This one is tricky, because you have to figure out which one is NOT acceptable. Choice F creates a comma splice sentence, but every other choice is structurally sound. Question 5 B  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Choice A is too formal, choice C is inaccurate, and Choice D is too informal. Choice B maintains the casual tone the best. Question 6 H  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Here, the superlative form shouldve been used, which would make it smallest,   which rules out choice F. Choices G and J are never appropriate. Question 7 D  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This is a matter of an ambiguous pronoun reference. Were not sure if the pronoun  which  is referring back to atoms or the elements. Choice A is incorrect because it doesnt fix the ambiguity. Choice B creates a different meaning and doesnt fix the ambiguity. Choice C actually creates a new error by using the singular pronoun  has.   Question 8 H  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Remember that a semicolon must follow the same rules as an end mark by joining independent clauses. Here, the second clause is not independent, so a better usage is a comma and the conjunction. Question 9 A  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This sentence must join the previous and following sentences together. Since the following sentence mentions the lower orbit in the comparative sense, we have to assume that higher is what its being compared to. Question 10 J  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This is one of those NOT questions, which means you simply have to cross of the stuff that does work. Here, youre looking to form a correct sentence, so check each one by plugging in. Choice J changes the meaning of the sentences altogether, so it doesnt work. Question 11 B  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the passage, the sentence is a run-on. So, choice A is out. Choice C creates faulty meaning, and Choice D uses the semicolon improperly. Question 12 J  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The easiest way to figure this out is by underlining the topic of each sentence, and paying close attention to transitions. That way, youll logically figure out which should come next. Question 13 C  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Choice B creates another error: subject verb agreement. Choice D leaves out some information (insects), so it has to go. Choice A is wrong because the sentence isnt parallel in context. Question 14 J  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Here, youll greatly benefit from having read the entire passage. If you skimmed, youll miss out on what the author was clearly trying to do, which is to inform you about something. Since choice J says the author was trying to persuade you, it is wrong. Question 15 C  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Although choices A and B indicate that the essay is missing a conclusion and it is, the reason for adding it is incorrect. That kind of a conclusion would neither tie anything together, nor would it keep the tone of the piece. Choice C indicates this.

Essay on Reflective Summary

Essay on Reflective Summary Essay on Reflective Summary Essay on Reflective SummaryIdentity theft can happen if someone steals your personal information and uses it to get bank loans, making purchases or opening new accounts for credit cards. So, taking into account the fact that ID theft is a serious concern due to the proliferation of technology, it is necessary to discuss the problem from various perspectives.To begin, it is necessary to mention that according to Hayward (2004), identity theft is a fraud that is seen in getting personal or financial data of users to use a person’s name or identification for financial transactions or purchases. Perpetrators receive unauthorized access to corporate databases to steal a list of customers and their data for the purpose to steal private information. Sovern (2004) stated that using the necessary information, scammers have the ability to destroy a person’s credit rating or get access to other personal data. In the U.S., identity theft is associated with widespread SSN (Social Se curity Number) as identification. In order to obtain proof of identity, a large number of organizations are requesting SSN. In the UK, for the implementation of identity theft, perpetrators use NINO (National Insurance number) and NHS (National Health Service Number). In such a way, if the perpetrator finds personal information, such as name, address, date of birth, social security number (SSN), driver’s license and the mother’s maiden name, he will be able to impersonate any personality. As a result, according to Schreft (2007), a thief of identity will be able to dispose a person’s bank accounts, to open new bank accounts, to transfer money from accounts, to apply for granting loans and credit cards, as well as to buy expensive things.There exists the Identity Theft Resource Center, where people can ask for help because the center is a non-profit organization that was created to provide all the consumers with free suggestions about what people can do in a case of identity theft. The main goals of the center are to help people to cope with their problems in the area of identity theft as well as to educate and inform consumers about the ways how they can avoid many problems with their bank accounts. One of the services that is offered for victims by the Identity Theft Resource Center is a support of the person by a well-qualified specialist of a call center. This service helps people to ask for advice timely and to react on the identity theft in a proper and adequate way.In conclusion, we have explored identity theft from various perspectives, and it is necessary to add that the fact of identity theft will continue to be a serious problem in future. Nowadays the development of computer technologies forces people to actively use their personal data in daily life, so, perpetrators are also creating new methods to steal a person’s identity.

CAsE fOr AnALYsis Does This Milkshake Taste funny Article

CAsE fOr AnALYsis Does This Milkshake Taste funny - Article Example Time played the major role in justifying the removal of the filters. In the case study, the time for the production was elapsing and George and his team had not finished their daily duties. The reason for their failure to complete their duty on time was the filters that clogged with maggots. This made the team to remove the filter so that they can speed up production in order to beat the time deadline for their daily production. Therefore, time was the major cause of the unethical practice of producing milk contaminated with maggots. Running the production process without filters in this plant speeds up the production process. As a result, the plant could produce more products in the allocated time. This is one of the reasons why a choice to run the product without filters would be made. The other reason is the absence of the management. Management would have been worried more about quality than time thus hindering such a decision. One of the dynamics contributing to this choice is that the products go through a homogenizer, which can remove all the solid matter after production in the plant. The other dynamic is that the product would be going through pasteurization process. This process would kill any bacteria that might be in the product. Producing contaminated products for consumers is very unethical. If I were George, I would not agree to remove all the filters in the production plant. Instead, I would clean the filters and put them back to the plant. As a result, the product would be free of maggots. However, as the production team, we would not be able to produce the required daily capacity. Moreover, my relationship with colleagues especially Paul would be greatly affected. Occurrence of choices made in the case study was caused by time limitation. To avoid occurrence of such choices, the management should stop focusing on quantity and time and start focusing on

Journal Article Research and Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Journal Article Research and Analysis - Essay Example Heneman (2002), states that for human resources compensation is the prime source that enables companies to attract and retain talents, thus the compensation management is a critical component of human resource management and of the entire organization. The importance of compensable factors, such as knowledge required by position and skills requirements, problem solving and accountability (Jones, Steffy & Bray, 1991) are dictated by the complex decisions that executives should make in order to positively impact company’s recruitment and retention efforts and to reach organizational goals. Therefore, choosing a compensation strategy is one of the main human resource decisions made by any organization. The development of such strategy is highly important because it promotes employee recruitment, retention, motivation and good performance thanks to the set of offerings that a company makes. However, not every organization compensates its employees or uses compensation strategically. While wages and benefits policies are used without strategical intentions, compensations instead are aimed to improve morale, reduce employees’ turnover and help achieve targets within an establishment (Das & Baruah, 2013). However, as stated by Hong, Hao, Kumar, Ramendran and Kadiresan (2012), compensation is not one of the main factors that impact the employees’ turnover despite being a critical factor in reducing managerial turnover. When determining the compensable factors, the developers should consider such policy choices as internal alignment, external competitiveness, employee contributions and the management of the pay system. As internal alignment deals with the pay relationships within the organization, it dictates the level of skills and knowledge that are needed, thus the compensation and benefits programs are granted for the special set of such skills. As companies are facing severe competitiveness, they should offer applicants such compensation packages that

Public law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 3

Public law - Essay Example He is also a controversial figure, often the subject of scrutiny when it comes to human rights issues. He is fervent on the pursuit of human rights as they apply to the laws under the European Convention of 1950. As a high court Judge, his statement regarding the correct terminology to indicate the relationship between the judicial branch of government and other branches of government are certainly subjective. This is so as he possibly views an aspect of government and legislature than many others do not have the opportunity to see first hand. Also, naturally he is in a position to defend his own actions as they pertain to the laws. We will take a closer look at some of the terms and conditions of the Human Rights Act of 1998. The Human Rights Act has been established in order to preserve and protect the basic and legal rights of citizens. This Act is an act of Parliament of the UK. It was officially active as of October 2, of 2000. It is essentially an expansion of the European Convention on Human Rights. It has been established to provide this expansion of the Convention within the UK. It is intended to protect the greater community from corruption or mistreatment by the public bodies that hold power within local and overall government. Furthermore, it is a sort of safety net for the UK higher courts so that problems that arise which are in fact a violation of human rights can be handled within UK courts as apposed to going straight to the European Court of Human Rights. This court is located in Strasbourg. The Human Rights Act is pertinent to all Public bodies, judicial or otherwise with in the United Kingdom. Parliament, when it is acting in legislative capacity, is the only condition to this otherwise all encompassing policy. This act has been placed in order to allow for the enforcement of one’s rights under the European Human Rights Convention. It allows

Analysing The Effectiveness Of The Kyoto Protocol Politics Essay

Analysing The Effectiveness Of The Kyoto Protocol Politics Essay Environmental issues become global issues because the effect of the environmental problem goes beyond national boundaries. Thus, environmental issues are common concerns and every country has a responsibility to tackle the problem. One of the environmental problems is global warming. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was adopted in 1992 in order to mitigate the impact of greenhouse gas that can endanger human life. Principally, the Convention attempted to reduce the emissions that can trigger the gradual warming of the atmosphere. In 1997, the Kyoto Protocol was adopted in the Third Conference of the Parties as a legally binding treaty. In the Kyoto Protocol, the ratified countries have to commit to a target to reduce their emissions. By countries to reducing emissions in concert, it is expected that the issue of climate change and its impact on the earth can be addressed. After more than a decade, the effectiveness of the Kyoto Protocol as a global environmental regime to address climate change is still questioned. This essay argues that the Kyoto Protocol is not effective enough to tackle global warming. The argument will be based on the examination of two issues in the Kyoto Protocol. Firstly, the issue of participation will be discussed, especially the principle of common but differentiated responsibility (CDR). Secondly, the issue of participation will be linked to the compliance issue in the Kyoto Protocol. In this section, this essay will look at the effectiveness of three mechanisms in the Kyoto Protocol: emission trading, the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), and Joint Implementation (JI). The Kyoto Protocol Environmental damage caused by pollution does not recognize national boundaries and has to be addressed by combined action of multiple states. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reported the scientific findings about the actual threat to the earth were caused by the increase of anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG). GHG will cover the atmosphere and eventually block solar radiation. This will cause an increase of the earths temperature and result in climate change, such as unpredictable and extreme weather, floods, and storms. The scientific findings recommend to maintain the increase of temperature below 20C by limiting the concentration of CO2 on the atmosphere below 550 ppm (Baylis et al. 2008: 361). Notwithstanding keeping the increase of temperature below 20C, scientists believe that the climate change would still bring mostly negative effects to human life (Scott 2004: 271). These scientific findings force all nations to cooperate to mitigate climate change. The UNFCCC was established at the Rio Earth Summit in 1992 as an international action to address climate change. The UNFCCC was non-binding agreement to encourage state parties to cut their gas emission. Then, the Third Conference of the Parties on December 11, 1997, successfully negotiated the Kyoto Protocol as the first binding international agreement to mitigate global warming by targeting emission reduction of states (Scott 2004: 273). The Kyoto Protocol was signed by most states, but the process of ratification was not easy. Article 24(1) of the Kyoto Protocol stated that the Protocol was opened for signature from 16 March 1998 to 15 March 1999. According to Article 25(1) of the Kyoto Protocol, the Protocol shall enter into force on the ninetieth day after the date on which not less than 55 Parties to the Convention, incorporating Parties included in Annex I which accounted in total for at least 55 per cent of the total carbon dioxide emissions for 1990 of the Parties included in Annex I, have deposited their instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession. (Scott 2006: 637-638) The United States represents 36.1 per cent of Annex I emissions, Russia represents 17.4 per cent, and Japan, Australia, Canada and the rest of Annex I countries represent below 10 per cent. With that composition, the United States and the Russian Federation ratification became significant for the Kyoto Protocol to be enforced. Although the United States signed the Protocol it is opposed to bringing the Kyoto Protocol to the Senate for ratification. Consequently, the ratification of the Russian Federation became crucial to fulfil at least 55 per cent of the total emission of Annex I countries as stated in the article 25(1) (Doelle 2005: xv). The Russian Federation did ratify the Protocol and it was enforced on February 16, 2005. According to UNFCCC, there are 191 parties in the Kyoto Protocol and the total percentage of Annex I parties emissions is 63.7 per cent (UNFCCC). Participation The climate change issue is not only about emission reduction. The issue involves many other aspects, such as transportation, agriculture, and energy security. Thus, addressing climate change will eventually point to the structural inequalities in wealth, income and power between the North and the South (Gupta in Hisschemà ¶ller and Gupta 1999: 154). Encouraging participation from all developed and developing countries is one difficulty in creating an effective climate change regime. The basis for implementing the principle of common but differentiated responsibility (CDR) is to encourage the cooperation of all states to promote effective action on global issue, such as climate change (Cullet 2003: 16). However, the application of the CDR principle has its own obstacles. As stated above, the reluctance of the United States to ratify the Kyoto Protocol refers to the minimum role of developing countries to the reduction of GHG emissions, particularly regarding the principle of CDR. Developing countries recognize two principles in environmental law: the common heritage of mankind (CHM) and the common but differentiated responsibility (CDR) between nations. CHM is the first principle used by developing countries to assert justice on resource exploitation. However, the CHM principle is less significant (Duff in Okereke 2008: 8) than the CDR principle in negotiating environmental law. Thus, this essay only discusses the CDR principle in the climate change regime. Common is to recognize that all states have the same environmental risks to face, but the responsibility to address the problems is differentiated among countries, particularly between developed and developing countries (Stone 2004: 277). According to Okereke, from the perspective of international law, the CDR principle has culpability and capability dimensions. The first dimension refers to history and emphasizes that most of the current environmental problems were caused by the development of the North, particularly in the era of industrialization. That dimension is closely related to the dimension of capability. Because of that development, developed countries are now more capable than developing countries, in term of technology and financial resources (Okereke 2008: 32). Thus, article 4 of the UNFCCC adopts the CDR principle to acknowledge that developed countries have more responsibilities and should take the lead in dealing with climate change. Making the environmental issue a global priority would distract developing countries from their development which could make them reluctant to join the Kyoto Protocol. The CDR principle resolves this issue because it bridges the notions of environmental protection and the need of development by the South, or developing countries (Najam 2005: 308). Therefore, the CDR principle has two implications in the Kyoto Protocol. Firstly, the Annex I countries in the Kyoto Protocol have commitments in reducing emissions while the developing countries are excused from the effort to reduce their emissions. Secondly, the developed countries are expected to provide technological and financial assistance to developing countries in order to meet the recommended amount of emission reduction and also to reduce the possible social and economic impacts on developing countries when they are fulfilling their voluntary commitment (Cullet 2003: 70-71). The implications of the CDR principle are demonstrated b y the provision of financial and technological assistance under the Kyoto Protocol. The application of the CDR principle into policy instruments of the Kyoto Protocol is challenging. The United States as the largest emitter in the world rejects those two implications of the CDR principle as stated above. This opposition is based on the view that although developed countries are the largest producers of GHG, new emerging economies, such as China, India, and Brazil, that also produce large amount of GHG emissions, should not be ignored. China, which is included in the grouping of developing countries, is the second largest which produce of GHG emissions (Harris 1999: 31). Therefore, the United States is of the view that the large developing countries should give the similar contributions as the Annex I countries to prevent the high increases of GHS emissions in the next decades (Scholtz 2008: 127). The unwillingness of the United States as the largest producer of GHG emissions, to ratify the Kyoto Protocol results in the Protocols lack of legitimacy. This is worsened by the reluctance of the developing countries to reduce their emissions before the developed countries show progress (Harris 1999: 33-34). Thus, the Kyoto Protocol will only be effective if all parties are willing to participate. This means the United States must agree to have a binding commitment for reducing its emissions and the developing countries should agree to have a voluntarily commitment to cut their increasing emissions (Scholtz 2008: 128). According to Downs, determinants for the regimes legitimacy are democratic decision-making, high consensus standard, and the degree of distributive fairness embodied in standards (Downs 2000: 27). The debate between developed and developing countries over the CDR principle shows that the climate change regime lacks consensus. In this case, it shows that developing cou ntries are distrustful of the Kyoto Protocol by believing that it is only aimed for the developed countries benefit (Downs 2000: 27). The lack of consensus will influence the issue of participation and compliance and at the end, the Kyoto Protocol will become ineffective as a binding treaty to solve global environmental problems. Compliance The issue of participation is closely related to the issue of compliance and both will influence the effectiveness of the Kyoto Protocol. When the highest sovereignty is the state, it is difficult to enforce international law. Scott argues that the lack of an international police force to enforce compliance makes international law is only politically effective (Scott 2004: 7). If the compliance mechanism in international law is effective, then on the one hand many countries will be willing to participate in the treaty. On the other hand, they would rather not participate in the treaty than breach their obligations (Vezirgiannidou 2009: 42). Becoming a non-compliant state will risk its image in the international community. In environmental law, particularly under the climate change regime, this essay would argue that lack of capacity and the idea of a free rider are the reasons for the issue of non-compliance in the Kyoto Protocol. Firstly, one possibility is that the states, mostly developing countries, intend to comply with the treaty, but they do not have enough resources and the capacity to fulfil the requirements. In this case of non-compliance, assistance would be needed rather than penalty to increase their compliance with the treaty (Young in Vezirgiannidou 2009: 43). Another possibility is that the states would prefer to spend their resources for other priorities, such as their basic needs, than for climate mitigation (Doelle 2005: 116). Thus, the principle of assistance is to support the fulfilment of basic needs and to open the chance for countries to get involved with international commitment to address climate change. Secondly, the free rider in climate change is also considered as a form of non-compliance. Free riding is when states are able to enjoy the benefits without contributing to the cost. Grundig et al. describe that in the climate context, a state could free ride by not reducing its GHG emissions, while others do so. That state still could enjoy the benefit from the decreased danger of climate change achieved by others efforts (Grundig et al. in Vezirgiannidou 2009: 49). Neo-liberal theorists view the free riding problem as important in enforcing international law. In this case, non-participation in the treaty is also included as free riding. The issue of free riding can be solved with the strong mechanism of the compliance process, such as effective and transparent review and reporting mechanisms. Unfortunately, the current punishment mechanism in the Kyoto Protocol is not strong enough to make the state parties comply with their obligations. The issue of compliance provided in article 3(1) of the Kyoto Protocol is the Parties included in Annex I shall, individually or jointly, ensure that their aggregate anthropogenic carbon dioxide equivalent emissions of the greenhouse gases listed in Annex A do not exceed their assigned amounts, calculated pursuant to their quantified emission limitation and reduction commitments inscribed in Annex B and in accordance with the provisions of this Article, with a view to reducing their overall emissions of such gases by at least 5 per cent below 1990 levels in the commitment period 2008 to 2012. (Scott 2006: 622) This article describes the obligation of Annex I countries to meet the emissions reduction. Countries could reduce emissions through several mechanisms, such as through national efforts or other mechanisms under the Kyoto Protocol. According to UNFCCC, the mechanisms provided under the Kyoto Protocol are aimed to stimulate sustainable development through technology transfer and investment, help countries with Kyoto commitments to meet their targets by reducing emissions or removing carbon from the atmosphere in other countries in a cost-effective way, and encourage the private sector and developing countries to contribute to emission reduction efforts. (UNFCCC) The obligation of emissions reduction should be done through national measures. Emissions reduction is closely related to other policies, such as transportation, energy security, agriculture, economic activities, and also education and culture. There should be policy changes in those areas to assist reduction of climate change, but these should be applied carefully in order not to affect the economic growth and development of the states. The limitation in the use of fossil fuels energy has its own dilemmas. On the one hand, states should limit the use of fossil fuels to support the notion of environmental protection. On the other hand, the reduction in the consumption of fossil fuels will impact on supply and price. When developed countries limit themselves in their consumption of fossil fuels, the supply will increase and the price will decrease. This condition will trigger developing countries to consume fossil fuels. Here, environmental problems are not solved rather they are tran sferred from Annex I to non-Annex I countries (Baylis et al. 2008). Thus, this again reasserts the idea that environmental problems cannot be solved only by developed countries themselves without the participations of developing countries. To accelerate the progress in dealing with environmental problems and also to give flexibility to the state parties to fulfil their commitments, the Kyoto Protocol provides three mechanisms: emissions trading, the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), and Joint Implementation (JI). The first mechanism, emission trading, allows one Annex I country to sell its amount of permitted GHG emissions to another Annex I country that has emissions below the target in the Kyoto Protocol. Although the overall amount of emissions can be reduced, the trading itself still cannot be ensured to be transparent, low-cost, and efficient (Cameron 2002: 12). The second mechanism is the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) that is provided under the article 12 of the Kyoto Protocol. CDM is aimed to assist parties not included in Annex I to reduce GHG emissions and attempt to achieve the objectives of the Kyoto Protocol. By assisting the project, including transferring technology, to non-Annex I countries, Annex I countries will gain GHG credits or Certified Emissions Reductions (CERs). The CERs will raise the assigned amount stated in article 3 of the Kyoto Protocol. The developing countries will also get the benefit from project assistance or the transfer of technology (Cameron 2002: 11). The last mechanism in the Kyoto Protocol is Joint Implementation (JI). The CDM and JI mechanisms have the same principles. JI mechanism allows developed countries to gain CERs by financing projects in another developed country or an Annex I party. This happens when the same amount of money could give a greater result in emissions reduction in other develop ed countries that have more efficient power plants or projects, rather than spending the money in own country (Baylis et al. 2008: 362). There are some critical questions on the implementation of the CDM. The CDM will surely need the participation from developing countries in the Kyoto Protocol to receive financial and technological assistance. Domestic politics in developing countries mostly place the agenda of climate change lower than other issues, such as economic development and health policies. Moreover, the effective implementation of the CDM depends on the recipient countries. Problems such as poverty and minimal health care, weak institutions, and the transparency of aid might influence the success of the project. Thus, assistance could be effective only within certain conditions. From a long-term perspective, this essay argues that the bigger problem is that the CDM might only relocate industries from developed countries to developing countries in order to avoid restrictions by the Annex I countries (Cameron 2002: 13-14). Therefore, those mechanisms might be attractive for all parties to participate and work hard to implement the Kyoto Protocol, but the environmental problems will not eventually be solved and the objective of climate change will not be achieved. Conclusion The Kyoto Protocol aims to address gradual warming and to protect the environment for the future generations. Climate change is a common problem and needs participation from all countries. This essay examines the effectiveness of the Kyoto Protocol from two elements: participation and compliance. The issue of participation is examined by discussing the principle of common but differentiated responsibility (CDR). The principle of CDR is meant to bridge the notions of environmental protection and development. By applying the principle of CDR in the Kyoto Protocol, the developing countries are willing to join in this climate change regime because this principle gives more attention to the developing countries. Firstly, the current environmental problems are related to the history of the era of industrialization which resulted in the developed countries. Secondly, the developing countries should be differentiated because they might not have the same capacity as developed countries, in te rms of finance and technology, to address the issue of climate change. However, in order to legitimize the Kyoto Protocol as a binding treaty, the new emerging economies, such as China, India, and Brazil, should be given more significant roles than other developing countries. This will also resolve the reluctance of the United States to ratify the Kyoto Protocol. The issue of participation in order to make the Kyoto Protocol more effective are closely related to the issue of compliance. A state will not join a treaty if it will breach the treaty. The non-compliance of states in environmental law is mostly because of the lack of capacity to fulfil the commitments and the issue of free riding. The issue of free riding could be solved by implementing a stronger compliance mechanism in the treaty. The Kyoto Protocol provides three mechanisms to help a state to comply with the obligations, through its own national measures. Those three mechanisms are emission trading, the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), and Joint Implementation (JI). Although those mechanisms provide flexibility to fulfil the commitments among the Annex I countries or between developed and developing countries, the negative impacts for the long-term still need to be addressed in order to make the Kyoto Protocol an effective environmental treaty. (3219 words)

Mafia as Government Essay -- essays papers

Mafia as Government History and Introduction The history of the Mafia began in the ninth century, when a secret society was formed to protect the people of Sicily. Sicily was occupied by Arab forces. A group of Sicilians fled into the countryside to escape, and later to fight, the encroaching forces. This group became the Mafia The group’s original intentions were to create a sense of loyalty and respect for tradition, culture and family. The Mafia protected its' members interests and promoted protected individuals and businesses in exchange for loyalty and monetary tribute. As time passed, and the Mafia expanded to the Americas, the Mafia became more â€Å"criminal†, engaging in provision of illegal services and collection of taxes in defiance of the â€Å"legitimate† government. It is the purpose of this work to argue that the Mafia, a â€Å"criminal† organization, meets the criteria to be considered a government. The terms Mafia or mob used in this work should be considered to be synonymous and to refer to the American Mafia. The Mafia’s structure is similar in nature to a feudal government system, with agents reporting to regional governors, who in turn report to the organization’s leader. While the mob may or may not possess an overall head, individual regions of the mob may be thought of as a form of local government. The Mafia, as it is currently being discussed, exists within the confines of the United States, and thus may be in competition with, or at least overlapping the geographic areas of other government systems. Definitions of Government Ayn Rand has much to say on the â€Å"proper function† of government, but it is unclear as to what she considers a formal definitionon of what exactly categorizes an organization as a government. Her most specific response to the question appears in the opening sentence of â€Å"The Nature of Government†. The opinion is that the use of force and the enforcement of rules should be limited to government. (Rand) Randall Holcombe references Robert Dahl and Max Weber, summarizing their points of view that a monopoly on the use of force in a given area is the defining characteristic of government, thus adding a spatial characteristic to the definition. Holcombe further points out that obviously a monopoly on the use of coercive force is not required as can be seen from examples of ov... ...orms of government will â€Å"die out† over time, then the Mafia must be relatively efficient. Regardless, efficiency is quite obviously NOT a requirement to be considered a government. Conclusion Of course any number of normative arguments may be raised as to the relative â€Å"fairness† of Mafia governance. That it lacks some air of legitamacy or morality is not at issue. The Mafia lacks a constitution, thus enabling a wide range of government action. Rights are accorded to citizens at the whim of government agents, laws may unknown and erratically enforced, shifts within the leadership of government may be violent and have unstabilizing effects on the region. However, none of these points are at issue here. The argument here is not that the Mafia is the best government, or even a good government. It is simply that it meets an objective criteria to be considered as a government. Bibliography: Holcombe, Randall G., â€Å"The Distinction Between Clubs and Governments,† in The Economic Foundations of Government, New York: New York University Press, 1994 (Chapter 5) Rand, Ayn, â€Å"The Nature of Government,† The Virtue of Selfishness. New York: Signet Books, 1964, pp 107-115